Presanctified Liturgy

Communion during Great Lent

Because Great Lent is a season of repentance, fasting, and intensified prayer, the Orthodox Church regards more frequent reception of communion as especially desirable at that time. However, the Divine Liturgy has a festal character not in keeping with the season. Thus, the Presanctified Liturgy is celebrated instead; the Divine Liturgy is only performed on Saturdays and Sundays. Although it is possible to celebrate this service on any weekday of Great Lent, the service is prescribed to be celebrated only on Wednesdays and Fridays of Lent, Thursday of the fifth week of Lent (when the Great Canon of St. Andrew is read), and Monday to Wednesday of Holy Week. Common parish practice is to celebrate it on as many as possible of these days.

During Lent, many Orthodox faithful fast the entire workday, not eating anything after the morning meal, until they break the fast with Holy Communion at this evening service. They have this anticipation to help them with this somewhat difficult ascetic discipline.

Presanctified Liturgy

The service consists of Daily Vespers combined with additional prayers and communion. The communion bread has already been consecrated and intincted with the precious Blood and reserved at the previous Sunday's Divine Liturgy. Unconsecrated wine is placed in the chalice. Local practice also varies as to whether or not this wine must be thought of as the Blood of Christ. The only practical effect of this variety is that the celebrant who must consume all the undistributed communion at the end of the service might or might not partake of the chalice when he communes himself.

The service is preceded by the reading of the Typical Psalms, and the Divine Liturgy's opening blessing, Blessed is the Kingdom... is used at the start of the part of the service that resembles daily vespers. Psalm 103, Bless the Lord, O my soul is read. The Great Litany is then intoned and then Psalms 119-133 are read. Then the choir sings Lord, I have cried unto Thee with stichera. The priest makes an entrance with the censer. If the occasion is a feast, the entrance is with the gospel book and there is then an epistle and gospel reading for the feast day.

The choir sings O Gladsome Light, and the first reading, from Genesis (or Exodus), is read with a prokeimenon. Then the priest intones Wisdom, let us attend. The Light of Christ enlightened all men, and those praying prostrate themselves. The second reading, from Proverbs (or Job) is read.

In the second part of the service, the choir chants Let my prayer be directed as incense before Thee, after which the prayer of St. Ephraim is read. After a litany the choir sings Now the powers of Heaven with us invisibly do worship, and the presanctified Gifts are brought into the holy altar in a procession resembling the Great Entrance at a Divine Liturgy but in silence. There is no anaphora because the gifts are pre-consecrated.

The prayer of St. Ephraim the Syrian is repeated, and the Litany of Petition is proclaimed. The choir sings the Lord's Prayer, after which the priest intones: The Presanctified Holy Things are for the holy. The Holy Sacraments are brought out through the Royal Doors, and the faithful receive Holy Communion. After the Litany of Thanksgiving and the prayer before the Ambo ("Every good and perfect gift is from above..."), the believers venerate the Holy Cross.

Annunciation

If the feast of the Annunciation (March 25) comes on a weekday of Lent, which is the most common case, the Divine Liturgy of the feast is served in the evening with Vespers. The Divine Liturgy of the Annunciation is the only celebration of the liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom allowed on a weekday of Great Lent. The Presanctified gifts will be reserved from this liturgy if needed for an upcoming Presanctified Liturgy of the same week.

Liturgical day

Unlike Vespers, the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts takes place at the end of a liturgical day. If the Presanctified Liturgy is celebrated on a Wednesday, the sticheron for the saint commemorated on that Wednesday is chanted, as is customary, at vespers on the eve of that day (Tuesday evening).

It is also a transition to a new liturgical Day, so at Lord, I have cried on Wednesday evening, the stichera for the saint commemorated Thursday will be chanted. However, when the presanctified liturgy is served on the feast of a major saint, the stichera for the saint are sung the evening before as just described, but a few stichera for the saint will still be sung at Lord, I have cried on the feast, at the end of the liturgical day on which the saint is commemorated, when the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts is served in honor of that saint. Thus stichera for a major saint on a weekday of Great Lent, would be chanted on two successive nights.

Normally, the transition to a new liturgical day is complete with the reading of the evening prayer Vouchsafe, O Lord... But, since the hymns sung at "Lord, I have cried" belong-with some exceptions-to the new liturgical day, not the day drawing to a close, from the perspective of typicon, calendar, and rubrics, the transition to the new day is under way well before the evening prayer Vouchsafe, O Lord.

Since the prayer Vouchsafe, O Lord is not read in the course of the Liturgy of the Presanctified or at the service of Vespers with Divine Liturgy, the transition to a new liturgical day is not complete until the conclusion of those services. For this reason, the Presanctified or the Vespers with Divine Liturgy is considered as taking place on the day that is ending and not on the one that is beginning.

The significance is, if one receives Holy Communion on Friday at the Liturgy of the Presanctified, and again at Divine Liturgy on Saturday morning, one has communed on two separate days, and has not violated the principle that one should commune only once on a given day.

History

The Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts was first documented by St. Gregory the Dialogist (AD 540-604), who was the papal legate to Constantinople. At one time it was supposed that he had come up with the idea himself, but now it is generally supposed that he simply recorded what was otherwise being practiced at Constantinople. In the Presanctified Liturgy itself, he is still commemorated as its traditional author.

This Liturgy is also mentioned in the Canons of the seventh century Quinisext Council:

On all days of the holy fast of Lent, except on the Sabbath, the Lord's Day, and the holy day of the Annunciation, the Liturgy of the Presanctified is to be served (Canon 52).[1]

Scripture readings

* First Week of Great Lent
o Wednesday: Genesis 1:24-2:3, Proverbs 2:1-22
o Friday: Genesis 2:20-3:20, Proverbs 3:19-34

* Second Week of Great Lent
o Wednesday: Genesis 4:16-26, Proverbs 5:15-6:3
o Friday: Genesis 5:32-6:8, Proverbs 6:20-7:1

* Third Week of Great Lent
o Wednesday: Genesis 7:6-9, Proverbs 9:12-18
o Friday: Genesis 8:4-21, Proverbs 10:31-11:12

* Fourth Week of Great Lent
o Wednesday: Genesis 9:18-10:1, Proverbs 12:23-13:9
o Friday: Genesis 12:1-7, Proverbs 14:15-26

* Fifth Week of Great Lent
o Wednesday: Genesis 17:1-9, Proverbs 15:20-16:9
o Thursday: Genesis 18:20-33, Proverbs 16:17-17:17
o Friday: Genesis 22:1-18, Proverbs 17:17-18:5

* Sixth Week of Great Lent
o Wednesday: Genesis 43:26-31, 45:1-16; Proverbs 21:23-22:4
o Friday: Genesis 49:33-50:26, Proverbs 31:8-31

* Holy Week
o Monday: Exodus 1:1-20, Job 1:1-12
o Tuesday: Exodus 2:5-10, Job 1:13-22
o Wednesday: Exodus 2:11-22, Job 2:1-10